Online now: Metabolically engineered probiotic OMVs as nanovaccine mediating sequential immunomodulation for chronic bone infection immunotherapy
Lei et al. screen Lactococcus lactis OMVs (Lac-OMVs) and develop a metabolically engineered NAD+-Lac-OMV nanovaccine with potent tissue-repair therapeutic effects. NAD+-Lac-OMVs sequentially activate dendritic cells by membrane components and reprogram inflammatory macrophages for anti-inflammation and bone repair by interior nicotinamide metabolites.
