"The Boulder findings suggest that a substantial portion of apparent disproportionality may reflect denominator bias rather than enforcement bias per se... estimates of racial disparity are highly sensitive to the definition of the comparison population."
Gavin Hales
Ethnic disparities in police stops/traffic tickets (🇺🇸) substantially reduced (and for some groups disappeared) when comparing stops/tickets to demographics of people caught by automated red-light cameras rather than comparing to residential population.
www.crimrxiv.com/pub/2zpvatvy...
Pre-print of Journal of Criminal Justice (JCJ) article of the same name.
