In this study, we investigated neurocognitive markers of cognitive load during collaborative tasks involving robot teleoperation. Using dual EEG, we compared direct human–human interaction with a robot-mediated interaction in which one participant teleoperated the humanoid robot iCub through VR.
The results showed increased theta-band activity during robot-mediated interaction, suggesting higher cognitive load. Our findings highlight the potential of EEG as an objective measure for evaluating teleoperation systems and understanding the cognitive demands of interacting through robots.