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Materials and Methods: We test the drivers of sex differences in chimpanzee behavior by examining a semi-free-ranging African chimpanzee sanctuary group where individuals are provisioned, an environment that should relax ecological constraints on socializing. Using two years of focal observations on a group with 45 chimpanzees (17 males, 28 females), we examined sex differences in social proximity, grooming, aggression, coalition formation, and dominance.
