New research from Marcela Escobari, Ian Seyal, and Paul Beach finds the 2025 ICE enforcement surge cost 668,000 jobs across U.S. cities—including an estimated 51,000–297,000 held by American-born workers.
Escobari, Seyal, and Beach find the 2025 ICE enforcement surge cost 668,000 jobs across U.S. cities, including jobs held by American-born workers.
