Tympanic hearing is the textbook example to explain hearing. But, many tetrapods lack tympanic middle ear systems. Here, it is modelled whether non-tympanic hearing can be explained with sounds inducing head vibrations that are detected by the inner ear.
journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/...
Tetrapod tympanic hearing probably emerged in the Triassic with independent origins of middle ear structures in each of the major groups, more than 120 Myr after the origin of tetrapods. During this p...
