Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Published online: 10 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01160-zDespite considerable improvements in the outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), many outstanding research questions remain unanswered. Furthermore, significant findings from successful phase III trials have not always been translated into guideline-recommended therapies, implying a need for improved standardization of trial end points. In this Consensus Statement, representatives of four major societies (the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the International Liver Cancer Association (ILCA) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)) convened to provide guidance on end point selection for clinical trials conducted in various settings including surveillance, and early-stage, intermediate-stage and advanced-stage HCC.
